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Attempts to replicate classical scientific studies have been failing. These alarming failures have hit psychology, the life sciences and other fields, calling major findings into question. : Questionable research practices are .

We are two psychology PhD students with experience researching mindfulness. We echo the .

As science is only trustworthy when consistent, we need to make sure future work can be replicated. As such, we have decided to spread the word about proper open scientific practice. This is especially important in the nascent interdisciplinary field of psychedelic science, in which we are now conducting research into the practise of “microdosing” substances like LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) and “magic” mushrooms (psilocybin).

There is a growing research literature suggesting psychedelics hold for treating mental health ailments ranging from to . But how do we know for sure?

The way forward for psychedelics is through “open science.” Researchers should pre-register their plans and share their data, .

Science must be consistent

Science needs to have a strong foundation, but right now a lot of the research isn’t replicating. In 2015, the tried to replicate 100 high-quality psychology findings. Only – that’s less than half.

This phenomenon isn’t limited to psychology: Findings from disciplines such as biology, medicine and chemistry can be hard to believe. For example, were found guilty of misconduct by the Chinese government last year, have been retracted recently and a recent report indicated that as much as have trouble replicating findings from the literature.

on The Conversation have tackled this issue so there is lots to review if replicability is new to you.

Psychedelic research is an interdisciplinary field combining psychology, biology and medicine and so is an especially important field in which to implement “open science.”

Open science = rigorous science

For , scientists need to guarantee that what they have studied is no more and no less than what they intended to study.

Instead of hiding inconvenient results or adding unplanned research conditions, scientists can use open science to demonstrate their integrity. Open science involves pre-registering hypotheses before doing research, and publishing the entire data set once the research is done.

. The content of the registration is locked and time stamped, then kept confidential until a set date, when it is released for the public to see. This is done so that the researcher can show they did exactly what they planned to do, which is how we all learned we are supposed to do science. Pre-registration is not even difficult, but researchers need to and adjust.

Once the study has been published, the data set can be made public. This way, the entire scientific community can examine the data, serving at least two purposes. First, the scientific community can verify that the data supports the conclusions made in the study, ensuring no mistakes were made. Second, other scientists can explore for new patterns in the data to create new hypotheses for new studies, moving science forward faster.

Making the data public makes scientists publicly accountable, and is good for the scientific community at large.

Co-operation over competition

So far, most psychedelic research has not been pre-registered, which means it should be considered exploratory and, unfortunately, inconclusive. Some findings may have been by chance rather than clearly caused by the substances used, and these findings need to be replicated by independent labs to ensure they hold up.

A recent call for “” has been made, but its impact remains to be seen. For now, we take the results on psychedelics that scientists have found on faith.

Pre-registration is the only way to ensure psychedelic science is conducted with a high level of integrity. Psychedelic science is in its infancy, much as mindfulness research was a few decades ago. We must learn from past mistakes if we do not wish to see the same harsh criticisms levelled upon this field in the future.

This will improve and maintain public trust in the scientific endeavour, especially important for these storied substances. As public consumers of science, we should all be critical of new research and remember the : “Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.”

 is a PhD student at the ���߲ݴ�ý.  is a PhD student in clinical psychology at York University.

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