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In the summer of 2020, months after the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, Samira Mubareka and her colleagues began testing wildlife in Ontario and Quebec for the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

“Pretty early in the pandemic, we knew that there was spillover from humans to animals,” said Mubareka, who is a clinician scientist at Sunnybrook Research Institute and an associate professor in the department of laboratory medicine and pathobiology in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine at the ���߲ݴ�ý. “There were reports of zoo and companion animals getting infected, as well as outbreaks on mink farms.”

Wildlife surveillance is an important, but less discussed, aspect of pandemic response. Pathogens that can move back and forth between animals and humans, like SARS-CoV-2 appears to do, are especially worrying. When introduced into new animal hosts, the pathogen can establish a new reservoir of disease that allows new variants to evolve and potentially spill back into humans. Those new variants can sometimes be harder to detect or treat in humans, and could contribute to more severe disease.  

To address these complex questions, Mubareka joined a collaborative working group with researchers from universities, hospitals and leading provincial and federal government agencies.

The team’s initial surveillance of over 20 different wildlife species, including raccoons, skunks and bats, didn’t turn up any evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Then, in 2021, researchers in the United States started reporting widespread exposure of deer to SARS-CoV-2, which prompted Mubareka and her colleagues to focus their efforts on the white-tailed deer commonly found throughout Ontario and Quebec.

This time around, they found what they were looking for. In what became the first detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Canadian wildlife, the group confirmed SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in nasal swabs from three deer in southern Quebec, including two from which they were able to isolate live virus.

Samira Mubareka 
(Kevin van Paassen/Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre)

, Mubareka and colleagues identified a new and highly divergent variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Ontario white-tailed deer, and the first evidence of deer-to-human transmission.

The new variant is a descendent of an older, parental B.1 virus and has 76 mutations compared to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain. In comparison, the Alpha, Beta and Delta variants had between 24 and 31 mutations while the currently dominant Omicron BA.5 variant has 105 mutations.

“I was not expecting to find this highly divergent virus, which suggests that it has been circulating and evolving in deer for months and months,” said Mubareka, who is a member of the steering committee of the , a U of T .

Even though the new variant had a few mutations in its spike protein, it was still recognized and effectively neutralized by blood samples from people who had recovered from COVID-19 or received two or three doses of the vaccine. This suggests that unlike Omicron’s mutations, the genetic changes in this variant are not helping it to evade the antibodies generated from vaccination or a previous infection.

The researchers also compared the genetic sequence of this new variant to sequences from humans who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Ontario around that time. Surprisingly, they identified one sequence that closely matched the variant from white-tailed deer, suggesting that the virus has spilled back into humans at least once.

“There are a lot of human-deer interfaces, including public interactions with wild deer and captive deer for farming, exhibition or hunting. For many communities, deer are important from both a food security and a cultural perspective,” said Mubareka.

Rather than deter people from interacting with deer altogether, the Public Health Agency of Canada issued new recommendations to reduce risk for hunters, trappers and other people who work closely with wildlife. These include wearing appropriate personal protective equipment when handling a carcass, processing carcasses outdoors or in a well-ventilated area and cooking meat to an internal temperature of 74 C to kill any parasites, viruses or bacteria.

“Usually when you find a new virus that has spread between species, you want to understand how hazardous it is,” said Mubareka. “Our follow-up work is going to focus on what this virus does in human and animal cells, and how it transmits.”

She is collaborating with Haibo Zhang (Unity Health) and Theo Moraes (SickKids), who are faculty members at the Temerty Faculty of Medicine and members of EPIC, to study how the virus behaves in lung organoids and nasal cells grown in the lab. She is also working with collaborators to delve into the deer immune system to understand how SARS-CoV-2 was able to evolve to such an extent in these animals.

To address the possibility of this new variant spreading from deer to other wildlife species, Mubareka is once again teaming up with partners at the provincial and federal levels, including the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, and Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs in Quebec, and across multiple institutions to ramp up wildlife surveillance in southwestern Ontario and Quebec.

“In order to truly understand what this virus is doing in animal populations and how that could impact human health, collaboration is key,” she said.